Table 1 General characteristics according to the presence of heart failure in atrial fibrillation
From: Characteristics of symptom burden in atrial fibrillation with concomitant heart failure
No. of patients n = 4885 | No HF | HF | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
n = 4322 | n = 563 | ||
Age, years | 67.2 ± 10.7 | 69.3 ± 11.0 | < 0.001 |
Age ≥ 65 | 2686 (62.1%) | 388 (68.9%) | 0.002 |
Sex | 0.603 | ||
Female | 1579 (36.5%) | 212 (37.7%) | |
Male | 2743 (63.5%) | 351 (62.3%) | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.7 ± 3.4 | 24.6 ± 3.7 | 0.503 |
CHA2DS2-VASc score ≥ 2 | 3141 (72.7%) | 525 (93.3%) | < 0.001 |
HAS-BLED score ≥ 3 | 1046 (24.2%) | 161 (28.6%) | 0.025 |
Hypertension | 2964 (68.6%) | 401 (71.2%) | 0.209 |
Diabetes mellitus | 1089 (25.2%) | 171 (30.4%) | 0.009 |
Dyslipidemia | 1590 (36.8%) | 205 (36.4%) | 0.553 |
Myocardial infarction | 93 (2.2%) | 44 (7.8%) | < 0.001* |
Stroke history | 719 (16.6%) | 109 (19.4%) | 0.107 |
Cancer | 490 (11.3%) | 54 (9.6%) | 0.227 |
PAD | 212 (4.9%) | 53 (9.4%) | 0.002 |
CKD (eGFR < 60) | 434 (10.0%) | 85 (15.1%) | < 0.001 |
ESRD on dialysis | 75 (1.6%) | 6 (1.1%) | 0.294* |
Permanent pacemaker | 278 (6.4%) | 48 (8.5%) | 0.072 |
ICD | 17 (0.4%) | 33 (5.9%) | < 0.001* |
Alcohol drinking | 0.045 | ||
Current | 945 (22.0%) | 106 (18.9%) | |
Social | 340 (7.9%) | 34 (6.0%) | |
Never | 3014 (70.1%) | 422 (75.1%) | |
Smoking | 0.027 | ||
Current | 363 (8.4%) | 64 (11.4%) | |
Former | 1002 (23.2%) | 140 (24.9%) | |
Never | 2957 (68.4%) | 359 (63.8%) | |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 122.2 ± 14.7 | 120.2 ± 16.6 | 0.002 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 74.6 ± 11.1 | 73.0 ± 12.6 | 0.002 |
Heart rate (bpm) | 74.7 ± 15.6 | 78.5 ± 17.9 | < 0.001 |
AF pattern | < 0.001 | ||
Paroxysmal | 2851 (66.0%) | 265 (47.1%) | |
Persistent | 1290 (29.8%) | 240 (42.6%) | |
Permanent | 181 (4.2%) | 58 (10.3%) | |
AF documentation | 0.840 | ||
Newly diagnosed | 206 (4.8%) | 26 (4.6%) | |
Within 3 months | 353 (8.2%) | 50 (8.9%) | |
Above 3 months | 3763 (87.1%) | 487 (86.5%) | |
Echocardiography | |||
EF (%) | 63.6 ± 6.2 | 47.7 ± 13.6 | < 0.001 |
< 40 | – | 163 (29.0%) | |
40–50 | – | 152 (27.0%) | |
> 50 | 4322 (100%) | 248 (44.0%) | |
LA size (mm) | 43.3 ± 7.7 | 47.3 ± 8.8 | < 0.001 |
E/e′ ratio | 11.4 ± 5.0 | 14.2 ± 6.6 | < 0.001 |
Electrocardiography | |||
Sinus rhythm | 2236 (51.8%) | 187 (33.2%) | < 0.001 |
QRS duration (ms) | 98.6 ± 19.3 | 103.6 ± 24.7 | < 0.001 |
Corrected QT interval (ms) | 439.7 ± 32.9 | 452.0 ± 40.0 | < 0.001 |