| All | Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(N = 1766) | (N = 450) | (N = 433) | (N = 441) | (N = 442) | ||
QTc interval (ms) | 431.8 ± 29.1 | 397.0 ± 13.3 | 421.8 ± 5.3 | 439.6 ± 5.4 | 469.4 ± 18.6 | < 0.001 |
Age (years) | 57.8 ± 11.3 | 54.9 ± 11.6 | 57.3 ± 10.5 | 58.7 ± 10.8 | 60.5 ± 11.5 | < 0.001 |
Male (n, %) | 1260 (71.3%) | 386 (85.8%) | 329 (76.0%) | 295 (66.9%) | 250 (56.6%) | < 0.001 |
PAF (n, %) | 1378 (78.0%) | 388 (86.2%) | 349 (80.6%) | 337 (76.4%) | 304 (68.8%) | < 0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.8 ± 3.0 | 24.7 ± 3.1 | 24.8 ± 3.0 | 24.8 ± 2.8 | 25.0 ± 3.2 | 0.762 |
CHA2DS2-VASc score | 1.6 ± 1.5 | 1.1 ± 1.3 | 1.4 ± 1.3 | 1.7 ± 1.5 | 2.2 ± 1.7 | < 0.001 |
CHF (n, %) | 93 (5.3%) | 13 (2.9%) | 9 (2.1%) | 25 (5.7%) | 46 (10.4%) | < 0.001 |
HTN (n, %) | 791 (44.8%) | 166 (36.9%) | 182 (42.0%) | 209 (47.4%) | 234 (52.9%) | < 0.001 |
DM (n, %) | 242 (13.7%) | 50 (11.1%) | 48 (11.1%) | 71 (16.1%) | 73 (16.5%) | 0.017 |
Stroke (n, %) | 171 (9.7%) | 29 (6.4%) | 37 (8.5%) | 42 (9.5%) | 63 (14.3%) | < 0.001 |
TIA (n, %) | 29 (1.6%) | 9 (2.0%) | 6 (1.4%) | 10 (2.3%) | 4 (0.9%) | 0.378 |
Vascular disease (n, %) | 167 (9.5%) | 38 (8.4%) | 40 (9.2%) | 36 (8.2%) | 53 (12.0%) | 0.192 |
Coronary artery disease (n, %) | 186 (10.5%) | 36 (8.0%) | 40 (9.2%) | 41 (9.3%) | 69 (15.6%) | < 0.001 |
eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 81.8 ± 15.4 | 83.9 ± 13.2 | 83.1 ± 13.6 | 81.5 ± 14.5 | 78.5 ± 19.2 | < 0.001 |
HbA1c (%) | 6.4 ± 0.9 | 6.4 ± 0.9 | 6.3 ± 0.9 | 6.5 ± 1.1 | 6.4 ± 0.8 | 0.429 |
ECG parameters | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Ventricular rate (bpm) | 61.3 ± 9.8 | 56.9 ± 8.6 | 60.6 ± 8.8 | 62.6 ± 9.4 | 65.2 ± 10.5 | < 0.001 |
PR interval (ms) | 181.9 ± 29.9 | 176.6 ± 26.0 | 181.8 ± 28.5 | 181.9 ± 31.5 | 187.4 ± 32.4 | < 0.001 |
QRS duration (ms) | 99.4 ± 15.2 | 97.0 ± 11.4 | 98.7 ± 12.3 | 98.2 ± 13.8 | 103.8 ± 20.5 | < 0.001 |
Echocardiographic parameters | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
LA dimension (mm) | 40.3 ± 5.9 | 39.1 ± 5.8 | 40.2 ± 5.9 | 40.5 ± 6.0 | 41.5 ± 5.6 | < 0.001 |
LA volume index (ml/m2) | 34.7 ± 12.2 | 31.6 ± 11.2 | 34.2 ± 11.2 | 35.3 ± 12.4 | 37.7 ± 13.2 | < 0.001 |
LV EF (%) | 64.2 ± 7.1 | 64.2 ± 6.4 | 65.3 ± 6.5 | 64.1 ± 7.9 | 63.4 ± 7.4 | 0.001 |
E/Em | 9.9 ± 3.9 | 8.8 ± 3.4 | 9.7 ± 3.5 | 10.0 ± 3.8 | 11.3 ± 4.6 | < 0.001 |
LVMI (g/m2) | 91.6 ± 19.7 | 89.8 ± 17.6 | 91.2 ± 18.2 | 91.9 ± 20.8 | 93.6 ± 21.9 | 0.061 |
3D-CT | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
LA volume (ml) | 141.2 ± 47.3 | 132.4 ± 42.3 | 138.6 ± 48.2 | 145.5 ± 49.5 | 148.6 ± 47.3 | < 0.001 |
LA volume index (ml/m2) | 78.3 ± 28.0 | 71.5 ± 24.6 | 76.1 ± 28.0 | 81.0 ± 29.0 | 84.6 ± 28.7 | < 0.001 |
NavX LA voltage (mV) | 1.3 ± 0.6 | 1.4 ± 0.6 | 1.3 ± 0.6 | 1.3 ± 0.6 | 1.2 ± 0.6 | < 0.001 |
Medications | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
ACEI/ARB (%) | 545 (30.9%) | 113 (25.1%) | 113 (26.2%) | 140 (31.8%) | 179 (40.6%) | < 0.001 |
Beta-blocker (%) | 587 (33.3%) | 145 (32.2%) | 141 (32.7%) | 150 (34.1%) | 151 (34.2%) | 0.896 |
Statin (%) | 465 (35.0%) | 104 (23.1%) | 113 (26.2%) | 117 (26.6%) | 131 (29.7%) | 0.172 |