Table 1 Comparison of demographics and echocardiographic parameters between athletes and controls
Controls (n = 71) | Athletes (n = 48) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Age, year | 26.0 ± 2.1 | 20.9 ± 3.9 | < 0.001 |
Female | 27 (38.0) | 19 (39.6) | 0.864 |
Weight, kg | 58.6 ± 9.8 | 64.2 ± 14.8 | 0.064 |
Height, cm | 165.9 ± 8.0 | 172.8 ± 11.4 | 0.004 |
BSA, m2 | 1.65 ± 0.2 | 1.80 ± 0.2 | 0.004 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 21.2 ± 2.5 | 21.2 ± 2.2 | 0.973 |
SBP, mmHg | 115.4 ± 10.3 | 115.8 ± 8.7 | 0.838 |
DBP, mmHg | 69.3 ± 8.7 | 61.0 ± 5.4 | < 0.001 |
HR, beats per minute | 68.8 ± 9.4 | 56.9 ± 6.6 | < 0.001 |
Echocardiography | |||
LVEDD, mm | 46.9 ± 3.4 | 50.7 ± 4.2 | < 0.001 |
LVEDD/BSA, mm/m2 | 28.7 ± 2.3 | 28.6 ± 2.3 | 0.943 |
LVESD, mm | 29.6 ± 2.7 | 32.4 ± 3.9 | < 0.001 |
LVESD/BSA, mm/m2 | 18.1 ± 1.7 | 18.3 ± 1.8 | 0.557 |
EF, % | 61.0 ± 4.0 | 63.7 ± 4.2 | 0.003 |
LVMI, g/m2 | 65.7 ± 12.7 | 84.7 ± 17.7 | < 0.001 |
LVH* | 1 (1.4%) | 7 (14.6%) | 0.007 |
LA AP diameter, mm | 31.1 ± 3.1 | 34.1 ± 3.8 | < 0.001 |
LAV, ml | 40.6 ± 9.6 | 42.6 ± 10.9 | 0.337 |
LAVI, ml/m2 | 24.6 ± 4.9 | 23.1 ± 4.5 | 0.134 |
LA enlargement classification | 0.403 | ||
Normal (LAVI ≤ 34 ml/m2) | 71 | 47 (97.9%) | |
Mild LAE (LAVI > 34 ml/m2) | 0 | 1 (2.1%) | |
E, m/s | 0.84 ± 0.16 | 0.85 ± 0.15 | 0.853 |
A, m/s | 0.45 ± 0.09 | 0.34 ± 0.08 | < 0.001 |
E’, cm/s | 13.0 ± 2.0 | 12.4 ± 1.8 | 0.160 |
A’, cm/s | 7.2 ± 1.5 | 5.4 ± 1.0 | < 0.001 |
E/E’ | 6.6 ± 1.3 | 6.9 ± 1.3 | 0.235 |
RVD base, mm | 34.1 ± 3.6 | 37.1 ± 3.2 | < 0.001 |
RVD base/BSA, mm/m2 | 20.8 ± 2.3 | 20.8 ± 1.9 | 0.968 |
RVD mid, mm | 27.3 ± 3.2 | 28.7 ± 2.8 | 0.041 |
RVD mid/BSA, mm/m2 | 16.7 ± 2.2 | 16.1 ± 2.4 | 0.212 |
RVFAC, % | 46.6 ± 6.0 | 47.3 ± 6.3 | 0.583 |
TAPSE, mm | 22.3 ± 2.7 | 23.7 ± 3.7 | 0.050 |
RA area, cm2 | 12.4 ± 2.3 | 14.1 ± 2.6 | 0.001 |
RA area/BSA, cm2/m2 | 7.6 ± 1.2 | 7.9 ± 1.3 | 0.262 |