Table 1 Baseline characteristics before inverse probability of treatment weighting
Characteristics | Before IPTW | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Warfarin (N = 29,387) | Apixaban (N = 10,879) | Dabigatran (N = 12,160) | Rivaroxaban (N = 18,055) | Maximum pairwise ASD | |
Age | 68.5 ± 12.4 | 73.0 ± 10.0 | 71.2 ± 10.4 | 71.8 ± 10.1 | 0.216 |
< 65 years | 9964 (33.9) | 1930 (17.7) | 2740 (22.5) | 3638 (20.1) | 0.197 |
65–74 years | 8884 (30.2) | 3574 (32.9) | 4434 (36.5) | 6539 (36.2) | 0.078 |
≥ 75 years | 10,539 (35.9) | 5375 (49.4) | 4986 (41.0) | 7878 (43.6) | 0.147 |
Women | 11,373 (38.7) | 5504 (50.5) | 7174 (59.0) | 7818 (43.3) | 0.100 |
AF duration, months | 24.3 ± 40.4 | 34.7 ± 48.2 | 35.2 ± 46.7 | 39.4 ± 48.7 | 0.169 |
High tertile of income | 12,271 (41.8) | 5164 (47.5) | 5494 (45.2) | 8395 (46.5) | 0.062 |
Risk scores | |||||
CHA2DS2-VASc | 4.0 ± 2.2 | 4.7 ± 1.9 | 4.4 ± 1.9 | 4.5 ± 1.9 | 0.171 |
HAS-BLED | 5.0 ± 3.2 | 5.6 ± 3.1 | 5.3 ± 3.1 | 5.4 ± 3.1 | 0.090 |
Charlson comorbidity index | 5.4 ± 6.4 | 5.9 ± 6.9 | 5.4 ± 6.5 | 5.6 ± 6.8 | 0.041 |
Medical conditions | |||||
Heart failure | 16,249 (55.3) | 6443 (59.2) | 7045 (57.9) | 11,117 (61.6) | 0.068 |
Hypertension | 22,518 (76.6) | 9273 (85.2) | 10,148 (83.5) | 15,526 (86.0) | 0.129 |
Diabetes mellitus | 9006 (30.6) | 3531 (32.5) | 3772 (31.0) | 5518 (30.6) | 0.022 |
Dyslipidemia | 24,523 (83.4) | 9773 (89.8) | 10,889 (89.5) | 16,084 (89.1) | 0.097 |
Ischemic stroke | 9210 (31.3) | 3980 (36.6) | 4611 (37.9) | 5642 (31.2) | 0.089 |
Transient ischemic attack | 2749 (9.4) | 1282 (11.8) | 1421 (11.7) | 2102 (11.6) | 0.040 |
Intracranial hemorrhage | 449 (1.5) | 217 (2.0) | 218 (1.8) | 309 (1.7) | 0.019 |
Previous MI | 3521 (12.0) | 1414 (13.0) | 1395 (11.5) | 2171 (12.0) | 0.024 |
Peripheral artery disease | 5259 (17.9) | 2186 (20.1) | 2474 (20.3) | 3629 (20.1) | 0.031 |
Chronic kidney disease | 2828 (9.6) | 1063 (9.8) | 785 (6.5) | 1425 (7.9) | 0.071 |
Proteinuria | 2652 (9.0) | 986 (9.1) | 1076 (8.8) | 1534 (8.5) | 0.011 |
Osteoporosis | 9860 (33.6) | 4728 (43.5) | 4644 (38.2) | 7343 (40.7) | 0.111 |
COPD | 5997 (20.4) | 2622 (24.1) | 2781 (22.9) | 4413 (24.4) | 0.053 |
Chronic liver disease | 13,222 (45.0) | 5158 (47.4) | 5793 (47.6) | 8786 (48.7) | 0.038 |
Malignant neoplasm | 7614 (25.9) | 3445 (31.7) | 3540 (29.1) | 5839 (32.3) | 0.080 |
Hyperthyroidism | 3720 (12.7) | 1501 (13.8) | 1518 (12.5) | 2540 (14.1) | 0.029 |
Hypothyroidism | 3701 (12.6) | 1685 (15.5) | 1709 (14.1) | 2760 (15.3) | 0.048 |
History of fall | 131 (0.4) | 76 (0.7) | 72 (0.6) | 103 (0.6) | 0.017 |
History of any fracture | 5446 (18.5) | 2252 (20.7) | 2441 (20.1) | 3837 (21.3) | 0.037 |
History of major fracture | 2454 (8.4) | 1086 (10.0) | 1056 (8.7) | 1816 (10.1) | 0.037 |
Rheumatoid arthritis | 597 (2.0) | 259 (2.4) | 269 (2.2) | 437 (2.4) | 0.015 |
Recent medication use | |||||
Antiplatelet agents | 5723 (19.5) | 1477 (13.6) | 1782 (14.7) | 2360 (13.1) | 0.092 |
Statin | 11,021 (37.5) | 5514 (50.7) | 5952 (48.9) | 8927 (49.4) | 0.135 |
β-blocker | 13,794 (46.9) | 6148 (56.5) | 6564 (54.0) | 10,347 (57.3) | 0.113 |
ACEi/ARB | 15,748 (53.6) | 6863 (63.1) | 7318 (60.2) | 11,432 (63.3) | 0.109 |
DHP CCB | 13,386 (45.6) | 5813 (53.4) | 6058 (49.8) | 9207 (51.0) | 0.083 |
Non-DHP CCB | 2832 (9.6) | 1465 (13.5) | 1623 (13.3) | 2436 (13.5) | 0.061 |
Loop/thiazide diuretics | 15,645 (53.2) | 6504 (59.8) | 6963 (57.3) | 10,979 (60.8) | 0.085 |
K+ sparing diuretics | 3926 (13.4) | 1653 (15.2) | 1780 (14.6) | 2854 (15.8) | 0.037 |
Digoxin | 4338 (14.8) | 1760 (16.2) | 2291 (18.8) | 3533 (19.6) | 0.076 |
AAD class Ic | 1358 (4.6) | 1045 (9.6) | 1129 (9.3) | 1393 (7.7) | 0.107 |
AAD class III | 1127 (3.8) | 712 (6.5) | 784 (6.4) | 1168 (6.5) | 0.061 |
Alpha blocker | 2744 (9.3) | 1166 (10.7) | 1284 (10.6) | 1886 (10.4) | 0.024 |
Systemic glucocorticoid | 6086 (20.7) | 2891 (26.6) | 2935 (24.1) | 4794 (26.6) | 0.078 |
Antidepressant | 4257 (14.5) | 2063 (19.0) | 2159 (17.8) | 3483 (19.3) | 0.069 |
Bisphosphonate | 3862 (13.1) | 2029 (18.7) | 1932 (15.9) | 3205 (17.8) | 0.084 |
Proton-pump inhibitor | 6853 (23.3) | 3559 (32.7) | 3779 (31.1) | 5927 (32.8) | 0.112 |