Fig. 5

Effect of PV reentry and ganglionated plexi ablation after PV triggers in Phase 3 early after depolarization via autonomic nerve modeling. AF computational modeling of cardiac autonomic nerve effects, which is difficult to perform clinically or experimentally, will enable further studies for AF initiation mechanisms. A An example of ganglionated plexi (GP) modeling. B Abnormal depolarization was observed after a change of pacing cycle length. C 3D action potential map showing pulmonary-vein automaticity in 3D left atrium model with GP. D AF was terminated after virtual circumferential pulmonary vein isolation including GP. Images were taken from [43]