Table 2 Electrocardiograms (ECG), echocardiographic features and coronary catheterization findings, CAD (coronary artery disease); LVEF (left ventricular ejection fraction); NM (not mentioned); echo (echocardiography)

Alishetti2018 [12]

NM

NM

Severely reduced LVEF; preserved contraction of basal segment

NM

Buchter [13]

ST elevation I, aVL, V2-4, ST depression III

Normal LVEF, no regional wall motion abnormality

Apical ballooning; Normal LVEF

low-grade coronary sclerosis without stenoses

Eggleton [14]

Widespread T wave inversion; QTc 537 ms

Normal LVEF, moderately dilated LA

Apical and mid segment akinesis; hyperdynamic basal segment; LVEF 45%

non-obstructive CAD

McCutcheon [15]

Normal Sinus Rhythm

Normal LVEF, no regional wall motion abnormality

Normal contractility in basal portion of LV, dyskinesia in the apical portion

Normal coronaries

Pir [16]

Diffuse T wave inversion

Normal LVEF

Apical, anterior, and inferior segment akinesis with sparing of the basal segment; LVEF 20%

Normal coronaries

Shah [17]

New Left Bundle Branch Block

NM

Apical akinesis, basal hyperkinesis

Normal coronaries

Siegfried [18]

Sinus rhythm with low voltage, diffuse T-wave inversions, prolonged QT

Normal LVEF, normal wall motion, mildly dilated left atrium

Apical ballooning; LVEF < 15%

Not performed

Smyrlis [19]

Sinus tachycardia, new Q waves in V1-4, non-specific ST changes

NM

Apical ballooning, hypercontractile basal segments, LVEF 20–25%

Non-obstructive CAD

Vizzardi [20]

Sinus rhythm with T wave inversions in V2-6, I, II, II, and aVL

Normal LVEF, LA enlargement, mild MR

Akinesis of apical and middle segments; hyperdynamic basal segments; LVEF 20%

Normal coronaries

Zaghlol [21]

Sinus tachycardia, ventricular pacing, no ST changes

Normal LVEF

Hypokinesis and ballooning of the apex, hyperdynamic basal segment; LVEF 25%

Non-obstructive CAD

Valetino [22]

Diffuse ST elevations

Mild left ventricular hypertrophy, normal LVEF

Apical ballooning on ventriculography

Normal coronaries