Fig. 1From: Updates in hybrid AF ablation: a hybrid approach to surgical epicardial ablation and cather endocardial ablation in persistent atrial fibrillationa Thoracoscopic view of totally thoracoscopic ablation of atrial fibrillation. PV antrum isolation is performed by applying bipolar radiofrequency energy (AtriCure, Inc.). b, c Totally thoracoscopic ablation of atrial fibrillation. This technique is performed via three holes (two 5-mm ports and one 10-mm port) bilaterallyBack to article page