Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population by resting heart rate
Total | Resting heart rate | Maximum ASD | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
≤ 59 bpm | 60–79 bpm | 80–99 bpm | ≥ 100 bpm | Before IPTW | After IPTW | ||
Total, n | 3217 | 286 | 1379 | 1194 | 358 | ||
Permanent AF | 286 (8.9) | 20 (7.0) | 118 (8.6) | 110 (9.2) | 38 (10.6) | 0.068 | 0.052 |
Age, years | 70 (61–76) | 69 (61–75) | 69 (61–76) | 70 (62–77) | 70 (60–77) | 0.062 | 0.025 |
Female | 1087 (33.8) | 84 (29.4) | 485 (35.2) | 386 (32.3) | 132 (36.9) | 0.090 | 0.052 |
Previous/current smoker | 959 (29.8) | 92 (32.2) | 401 (29.1) | 365 (30.6) | 101 (28.2) | 0.049 | 0.039 |
CHA2DSc-VASc | 3 (2–4) | 3 (1–4) | 3 (2–4) | 3 (2–4) | 3 (2–4) | 0.079 | 0.053 |
HASBLED | 2 (1–2) | 2 (1–2) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–2) | 2 (1–3) | 0.069 | 0.036 |
Comorbidity | |||||||
Hypertension | 476 (14.8) | 187 (65.4) | 973 (70.6) | 830 (69.5) | 251 (70.1) | 0.058 | 0.030 |
Diabetes mellitus | 878 (27.3) | 76 (26.6) | 357 (25.9) | 326 (27.3) | 119 (33.2) | 0.084 | 0.048 |
Dyslipidemia | 1029 (32.0) | 90 (31.5) | 453 (32.8) | 373 (31.2) | 113 (31.6) | 0.018 | 0.021 |
Obesity | 239 (7.4) | 25 (8.7) | 98 (7.1) | 84 (7.0) | 32 (8.9) | 0.045 | 0.029 |
CKD | 330 (10.3) | 32 (11.2) | 133 (9.6) | 132 (11.1) | 33 (9.2) | 0.040 | 0.031 |
Previous MI | 78 (2.4) | 10 (3.5) | 34 (2.5) | 26 (2.2) | 8 (2.2) | 0.042 | 0.013 |
Previous stroke | 527 (16.4) | 53 (18.5) | 231 (16.8) | 192 (16.1) | 51 (14.2) | 0.061 | 0.042 |
Previous PAOD | 183 (5.7) | 23 (8.0) | 84 (6.1) | 60 (5.0) | 16 (4.5) | 0.082 | 0.035 |
Previous heart failure | 476 (14.8) | 49 (17.1) | 187 (13.6) | 166 (13.9) | 74 (20.7) | 0.110 | 0.026 |
Medication | |||||||
Anti-platelet | 619 (19.2) | 55 (19.2) | 280 (20.3) | 229 (19.2) | 55 (15.4) | 0.065 | 0.039 |
Oral anticoagulant | 2462 (76.5) | 215 (75.2) | 1051 (76.2) | 929 (77.8) | 267 (74.6) | 0.042 | 0.027 |
RAS blockade | 1382 (43.0) | 131 (45.8) | 602 (43.7) | 504 (42.2) | 145 (40.5) | 0.058 | 0.044 |
AVN blocker | 1700 (52.8) | 138 (48.3) | 723 (52.4) | 633 (53.0) | 206 (57.5) | 0.095 | 0.066 |
AAD | 958 (29.8) | 117 (40.9) | 484 (35.1) | 275 (23.0) | 82 (22.9) | 0.241 | 0.050 |
Statin | 1063 (33.0) | 92 (32.2) | 463 (33.6) | 403 (33.8) | 105 (29.3) | 0.053 | 0.040 |