Skip to main content

Left atrial ıntramural hematoma after radiofrequency catheter ablation of left lateral accessory pathway

Abstract

We report a case of left atrial hematoma after ablation of left lateral concealed accessory pathway. A 46-year-old male patient experienced chest pain after radiofrequency ablation. Transthoracic echocardiography and computed tomography revealed the intramural mass consistent with hematoma in the left atrium. He was hemodynamically stable, and conservative approach was decided. Atrioventricular groove is a vulnerable part of left atrium, and ablation of left free wall accessory pathway may require targeting both atrial and ventricular surfaces of the mitral annulus. Avoidance of forceful catheter manipulation during the electrophysiological procedure is important for prevention of this complication. Optimal periprocedural anticoagulation might reduce the risk of procedure-related thromboembolic complications, but electrophysiologists should always pay attention to an intramural hematoma that may occur after radiofrequency catheter ablation.

Case report

A 46 year-old man presented to our clinic with a complaint of palpitation. Electrocardiogram during one of these palpitation episodes showed narrow complex tachycardia with a rate of 190/min. He reported that his palpitation continued despite various antiarrhythmic (metoprolol and propafenon) treatments. His past medical history was unremarkable. Baseline electrocardiogram was in normal limits without any preexcitation. All laboratory values and a baseline transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) were normal. Treatment options were discussed, and electrophysiological study/catheter ablation was scheduled. At electrophysiological study, orthodromic atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia using left lateral concealed accessory pathway was induced. Intravenous heparin (100U/kg) was administered after femoral arterial sheath insertion. Radiofrequency (RF) ablation was performed via retrograde aortic approach without any difficulties (Fig. 1). Ablation was carried out with Medtronic Atakr RF generator and single curve, tip-deflecting bipolar, non-irrigated catheter (Medtronic RF Marinr) with temperature limited to 55℃ and power limited to 40 Watt. After ablation, there was no AP conduction and tachycardia was not induced by programmed stimulation with or without isoproterenol infusion. The morning after the ablation, patient was feeling well and he was discharged with acetylsalicylic acid 100 mg. Two days following ablation, patient was admitted with chest pain lasting for 12 h. Electrocardiogram was unremarkable. TTE revealed a well-circumscribed hypoechogenic mass in the lateral wall of the left atrium, suggestive of an intramural hematoma (Fig. 2). There was no evidence of left ventricular inflow obstruction. He was hemodynamically stable. Then, the patient underwent contrast-enhanced cardiac computed tomography (CT) to investigate the nature of the mass which revealed homogeneous intramural mass consistent with 30- × 19- mm hematoma located in the left lateral wall (Fig. 3, 4). So imaging revealed left atrial intramural hematoma (LAIH). There was no pulmonary vein obstruction. Since there was no hemodynamic instability, watchful monitoring was decided. Acetylsalicylic acid was continued, and analgesics were administered if needed. Follow-up CT 3 days after the index scan revealed partial regression of hematoma. The patient remained well clinically and was discharged from the hospital at the sixth day of hospitalization without any symptoms. A control TTE 2 months later showed complete resolution of intramural hematoma (Fig. 5).

Fig. 1
figure 1

Left lateral view of catheter positions during ablation

Fig. 2
figure 2

Transthoracic echocardiogram in apical four-chamber view shows well-circumscribed hypoechogenic mass in the lateral wall of the left atrium

Fig. 3
figure 3

Coronal computed tomography (CT) imaging demonstrating a non-enhancing left atrial intramural mass consistent with hematoma

Fig. 4
figure 4

Axial computed tomography (CT) imaging demonstrating a non-enhancing left atrial intramural mass consistent with hematoma

Fig. 5
figure 5

Control transthoracic echocardiogram in apical four-chamber view shows complete resolution of intramural hematoma

Discussion

RF catheter ablation of atrial tachyarrhythmias may lead to complications such as thromboembolism and bleeding [1]. LAIH are extremely rare in this context. LAIH is an extremely rare complication of cardiac surgical or catheter-based interventional procedures. Cases of LAIH have been reported as a complication of RF ablation procedures for the treatment of left atrial arrhythmias, including atrial fibrillation, atrial tachycardias [2, 3]. Myung-jin Cha and Seil Oh reported a case of patient with an intramural hematoma associated with RFCA for intractable atrial tachyarrhythmias, who was treated with surgery [4]. The first case of LAIH as a complication of left posterolateral concealed accessory pathway ablation using retrograde aortic approach reported by Giudicatti et al. [5]. Similarly, our case has a LAIH as a complication of left lateral concealed accessory pathway RF ablation too. True incidence and pathophysiology of LAIH are poorly understood. Thermal injury and catheter manipulation may entail intimal tear in vulnerable portions of left atrium [6, 7]. Atrioventricular groove also is a naturally weakened transitional area vulnerable to forceful manipulation [8]. We conclude that both catheter manipulation and thermal injury account for occurrence of LAIH in our case. Avoidance of forceful catheter manipulation, especially in left atrium, is important for prevention of this complication.

Conclusion

The clinical course of LAIH varies from a self-limited stable disease to a devastating condition with catastrophic outcomes. Hemodynamic instability is the critical factor that determines the necessity of surgical intervention, and it is mainly secondary to obstruction of mitral valve inflow or pulmonary vein orifice. In case of hemodynamic instability, surgical intervention is indicated. However, patients with stable hemodynamic status, as was seen in our patient, can be observed clinically.

Availability of data material

Since it is a single case report, only clinical records were available.

Abbreviations

TTE:

Transthoracic echocardiography

RF:

Radiofrequency

CT:

Computed tomography

LAIH:

Left atrial intramural hematoma

References

  1. Zhou L, Keane D, Reed G, Ruskin J. Thromboembolic complications of cardiac radiofrequency catheter ablation: a review of the reported incidence, pathogenesis and current research directions. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 1999;10:611–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Sah R, Epstein LM, Kwong RY. Images in cardiovascular medicine. Intramural atrial hematoma after catheter ablation for atrial tachyarrhythmias. Circulation. 2007;115:e446-447.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Kelly S, Bicknell SG, Sharma S. Left atrial wall hematoma after radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;186:1317–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Cha MJ, Oh S. Left atrial ıntramural hematoma after catheter ablation for atrial tachyarrhythmia. Arrhythmia. 2015;16(2):117–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Giudicatti L, King B, Lee F, Lam K, Stamp N, Gupta A, McClelland S, Xu Z-F. Left atrial intramural hematoma post-ablation of supraventricular tachycardia: a rare complication treated successfully. J Am Coll Cardiol Case Rep. 2020;2(2):223–6.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Kurek C, Gwechenberger M, Richter B, Binder T, Loewe C, Gössinger H. Intramural left atrial haematoma mimicking cardiac tamponade after catheter ablation of atria fibrillation. Europace. 2009;11:667–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Morris MF, Adams JC, Panse PM, Srivathsan K. Radiofrequency ablation complicated by left atrial intramural hematoma. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2012;23:662–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Lawton JS, Deshpande SP, Zanaboni PB, Damiano RJ Jr. Spontaneous atrioventricular groove disruption during off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;79:339–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

This case report received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Contributions

Each author contributed equally. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Salim Yaşar.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Single case report. Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Written informed consent for publication of their clinical details and/or clinical images was obtained from the patient.

Competing interests

The authors declare no conflict of interests for this article.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Yaşar, S., Gökoğlan, Y., Görmel, S. et al. Left atrial ıntramural hematoma after radiofrequency catheter ablation of left lateral accessory pathway. Int J Arrhythm 22, 12 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42444-021-00041-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s42444-021-00041-z

Keywords