Skip to main content
Download PDF

Electrocardiographic features in SCN5A mutation-positive patients with Brugada and early repolarization syndromes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

International Journal of Arrhythmia volume 23, Article number: 16 (2022) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Early repolarization syndrome (ERS) and Brugada syndrome (BrS) are both J-wave syndromes. Both can involve mutations in the SCN5A gene but may exhibit distinct electrocardiographic (ECG) differences. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to investigate possible differences in ECG markers between SCN5A-positive patients with ERS and BrS.

Methods

PubMed and Embase were searched from their inception to 20 October 2021 for human studies containing the search terms “SCN5A” and “variant” and “early repolarization” or “Brugada”, with no language restrictions. Continuous variables were expressed as mean±standard deviation. PR interval, QRS duration, QTc and heart rate from the included studies were pooled to calculate a mean for each variable amongst BrS and ERS patients. A two-tailed Student’s t test was then performed to for comparisons.

Results

A total of 328 studies were identified. After full-text screening, 12 studies met our inclusion criteria and were included in this present study. One hundred and four ERS patients (mean age 30.86±14.45) and 2000 BrS patients (mean age 36.17±11.39) were studied. Our meta-analysis found that ERS patients had shorter QRS duration (90.40±9.97 vs. 114.79±20.10, P = 0.0001) and shorter corrected QT intervals (QTc) with borderline significance (393.63±40.04 vs. 416.82±37.43, P = 0.052). By contrast, no significant differences in baseline heart rate (65.15±18.78 vs. 76.06±18.78, P = 0.068) or PR intervals (197.40±34.69 vs. 191.88±35.08, P = 0.621) were observed between ERS and BrS patients.

Conclusion

BrS patients with positive SCN5A mutations exhibited prolonged QRS, indicating conduction abnormalities, whereas ERS patients with positive SCN5A mutations showed normal QRS. By contrast, whilst QTc intervals were longer in BrS than in ERS SCN5A positive patients, they were within normal limits. Further studies are needed to examine the implications of these findings for arrhythmic risk stratification.

Introduction

J-wave syndrome encompasses both Brugada syndrome (BrS) and early repolarization syndromes (ERS), featuring distinct abnormalities in the J-point [1]. BrS is characterized by spontaneous or drug-induced type 1 BrS pattern with a coved ST segment elevation > 2 mm in the right precordial leads, which can have overlapping electrocardiographic features with ERS [2]. In ERS, the ST segment is concaved upward with accompanying terminal QRS slurring or notching. Whilst ERS was assumed to be a relatively benign syndrome observed in up to 13% of the general population, recent studies have reported that early repolarization in inferolateral leads is associated with an increased risk of sudden cardiac death [3, 4]. Patients may present with electrocardiographic features consistent with Brugada or early repolarization patterns with or without their respective syndromes [5, 6]. In both BrS and ERS, dynamic variability in ECG findings may be observed both at baseline or upon physiological challenges [7,8,9]. For example, in BrS, a type 1 pattern may be precipitated by drugs or stressors such as fever, which can change to a type 2 or even a normal ECG pattern, with diurnal variations [10] or altered autonomic drive [11]. Similarly, in ERS, the degree of ST-T configurations can exhibit diurnal variations [12] or change with drugs or cycle length [13].

Mutations in genes that encode for the plasmalemmal sodium, calcium and potassium channels have all been implicated in BrS and ERS [14, 15]. In particular, pathological variants in SCN5A encoding the pore-forming subunit of the sodium channel have traditionally been associated with BrS [16], with an increasing body of evidence supporting a link with ERS [17, 18]. Thus, it is reasonable to envisage overlapping electrophysiological mechanisms in both syndromes. For example, defects in SCN5A have been associated with conduction abnormalities throughout the myocardium [19, 20]. Recently, Zhang et al. studied the genotype–phenotype relationship between SCN5A and the ECG findings in ERS and BrS patients [21]. The study reported that ERS patients had shorter QRS duration and corrected QT interval (QTc) than patients with BrS. To validate the findings on the distinct ECG features between ERS and BrS with SCN5A mutation, we performed a meta-analysis on the ECG characteristics of ERS and BrS patients who were SCN5A mutation-positive.

Methods

Search strategy

This study was conducted in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement (Additional file 1) [22]. Two databases, PubMed and Embase, were searched from their inception to 20 October 2021 for human studies containing the search terms “SCN5A” and “variant” and “early repolarization” or “Brugada”, with no language restrictions. The title and abstract of the resultant studies are then screened for eligibility. Full text of the eligible studies was then retrieved for assessment of compliance against the inclusion criterion. Studies were excluded in the initial screening if they did not meet the inclusion criterion or on later assessment any of the exclusion criteria were met.

The Newcastle–Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale (NOS) was used to assess the quality of the studies included [23]. NOS evaluates the following categories: study participant selection, results comparability and outcome quality. This was broken down into representativeness of exposed cohort; selection of the non-exposed cohort; ascertainment of exposure; outcomes that were not present at the start of the study; comparability of study design/analysis; assessment of outcomes; sufficiently long follow-up periods; and adequacy of follow-up. A scale of 0–9 was used, where studies below 5 stars are graded poorly, 5–7 graded fair and > 8 graded good. Only studies with 7 or above were included in this study. Details of the NOS quality assessment for the studies are shown in Additional file 1: Table S1.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

The following inclusion criterion was applied to select eligible studies: (1) the study was an observational study on human subjects; (2) the study consists of ERS and/or BrS patients who tested positive for SCN5A mutation; (3) the study measured quantitative ECG measurements from subjects. At the initial screening, studies were excluded if they: (1) were duplicated through the search process of the two databases; (2) were case reports or series, reviews or meta-analyses; and (3) were irrelevant.

Data extraction and statistical analysis

Studies congregant with the inclusion criterion were selected for the meta-analysis. The data were then extracted into a standardized Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. The following data were extracted: (1) publication details (surname of the first author and publication year); (2) details of patients in the study (age, sex, sudden death, BrS SCN5A-positive, ERS SCN5A-positive, syncope, family history of sudden cardiac arrhythmia); (3) ECG measurements: lead II of a 12-lead ECG used to calculate PR interval, QRS duration and QT interval corrected by the Bazett formula. ECG variables were pooled and compared between BrS and ERS patients; (4) method of ECG measurements, e.g. manually performed by the original investigators or automated measurements by ECG machines, was identified. Two reviewers (SL and OC) reviewed each included the studies individually, and disputes were resolved by a third reviewer (GT).

Statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel. PR interval, QRS duration, QTc and heart rate (HR) from the included studies were pooled to calculate a mean for each variable. A two-tailed Student’s t test was then performed to compare the PR interval, QRS duration, QTc and HR between BrS and ERS patients. P value < 0.05 indicated statistical significance.

Results

Search results and study characteristics

A total of 328 unique studies were identified on PubMed and Embase using our search terms. At the end of the initial title and abstract screening, 57 articles met our inclusion criteria. After the full-text screening, 12 studies met our inclusion criteria and were included in the present study. Figure 1 shows the workflow of the study selection process with the number of studies excluded by each of the exclusion criteria. Only Zhang et al.’s study included both BrS and ERS patients, with the remaining 11 studies being on BrS only. Overall, 2000 patients were pooled (male = 50.6%, mean age = 36.17 ± 15.06 years old), which included 719 BrS and 10 ERS SCN5A mutation-positive patients.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Flow chart of the study selection process

Full size image

Differences in electrocardiographic parameters between ERS and BrS patients

The electrographic parameters analysed in this study were PR interval, QRS duration and QTc prolongation. Our meta-analysis found no significant differences in the PR interval between ERS and BrS patients (197.40 ± 34.69 vs. 191.88 ± 35.08, P = 0.621; Fig. 2A). By contrast, ERS patients had shorter QRS duration (90.40 ± 9.97 vs. 114.79 ± 20.10, P = 0.0001; Fig. 2B) and shorter corrected QT intervals (QTc) with borderline significance (393.63 ± 40.04 vs. 416.82 ± 37.43, P = 0.052; Fig. 2C). Finally, there was no significant difference in the heart rate between ERS and BrS patients (65.15 ± 18.78 vs. 76.06 ± 18.78, P = 0.068; Fig. 2D).

Fig. 2
figure 2

A PR interval (in milliseconds), B QRS duration (in milliseconds), C QTc interval (in milliseconds) and D resting heart rate (in beats per minute)

Full size image

Discussion

The main findings of this systematic review and meta-analysis are that 1) BrS patients with positive SCN5A mutations exhibited prolonged QRS, indicating conduction abnormalities, whereas ERS patients with positive SCN5A mutations showed normal QRS, 2) whilst QTc intervals were longer with a borderline significance in BrS than in ERS SCN5A-positive patients, they were within normal limits, and 3) no significant differences were found in the PR interval and HR between ERS and BrS patients.

BrS patients had longer QRS duration, whilst ERS patients had shorter QTc intervals in comparison. Together, these findings suggest conduction abnormalities as a finding in BrS but not ERS, despite patients harbouring SCN5A mutations. This supports the theory that ERS and BrS have overlapping genetics and pathophysiology but are separate syndromes [24]. The difference in QTc intervals and QRS duration could be used clinically for risk stratification now that we have established the link between the early repolarization pattern on the ECG and fatal cardiac arrhythmias [25]. It has previously been described that activation recovery interval (ARI) in the right ventricular outflow tract of BrS is prolonged. In contrast, the shorter QTc interval amongst ERS patients is suggestive of extensive regions with short ARI, especially in ERS3 where SCN5A is more prevalent [17]. An alternative explanation for this could be that, due to the small sample size, specific variants have caused the alteration in ERS electrophysiology in comparison with BrS.

Interestingly, patients with the same SCN5A variant can display different syndromic phenotypes such as BrS and ERS in the same family pedigree, with more prominent ECG features during exacerbations by fever [21]. There has yet to be a large-scale study delineating fever-induced ERS, but the recent consensus statement supports the differences in the manifestation under fever in BrS and ERS [2]. This indicates other genetic, epigenetic or environmental factors that drive the pathophysiology in separate directions. Epigenetics of ERS and BrS is not very well studied. However, histone modification has been linked to dysregulation of repolarizing K+ currents (IK1, Ito, IKr, IKs) and depolarizing Ca2+ currents (ICa-L) in heart failure [26, 27]. Identification of the separate histone and DNA methylation profiles in BrS and ERS would likely help uncover further distinctions between the electrophysiological mechanisms of these two syndromes. However, it was not possible in our study to attribute differences in QRS and QTc to particular SCN5A variants nor to particular epigenetic markers.

It is postulated that reduced conduction reserve with associated fibrosis in the right ventricular outflow tract epicardium is a result of SCN5A variants in both BrS and ERS [1]. This is because SCN5A is responsible for initiating the cardiac action potential [28]. In ERS, reduction in conduction reserve, the substrate for reentry and arrhythmogenesis localizes to the inferior myocardium in contrast with BrS [29]. ERS mechanism of disease in patients without SCN5A variants requires large cohort GWAS to identify relevant loci for study to aid model development and help distinguish BrS and ERS pathophysiology.

Recent work has proposed polygenic risk scores based on the mutation type in BrS [30]. In this study, we focussed on SCN5A variants, the most commonly associated variant in ERS [31]. KCNJ8, ABCC9, KCNE5, DPP10, CACNA1C, CACNB2B, CACNA2D1, SCN5A and SCN10A are all linked with ERS [32], but a polygenic risk score for ERS is yet to be determined or implemented. Using this approach may be useful for the management of ERS patients; however, until such research is conducted ECG parameters are our only clinical markers. Further studies should be conducted to elucidate the distinct relationships between genotype and phenotypic severity in ERS. This should include the pathological impact of individual SCN5A variants and multiple SCN5A variants together, recent work has proposed that this propagates patients’ PR intervals and QRS duration, leading to more major arrhythmia events when compared to patients carrying a single pathogenic variant [21].

Furthermore, no significant differences in the PR interval or HR were observed, which may be attributed to small sample sizes in the ERS group. It has recently been demonstrated that ERS patients with SCN5A variants have been shown to display longer PR intervals [21]. Whilst the burden of bradycardic complications such as atrioventricular block have been well-investigated in BrS [33], this issue remains unresolved for ERS.

Limitations

There are several limitations to this meta-analysis that should be noted. The primary limitation is the population size of the ERS patients with positive mutation status for the SCN5A gene, which was 104 out of 2000 subjects, and all originating from the same cohort. Further cohort studies investigating the ECG characteristics in ERS are needed. Secondly, only a small number of studies were included. These findings should be validated in larger cohort studies.

Conclusion

BrS patients with positive SCN5A mutations exhibited prolonged QRS, indicating conduction abnormalities, whereas ERS patients with positive SCN5A mutations showed normal QRS. By contrast, whilst QTc intervals were longer in BrS than in ERS SCN5A positive patients, they were within normal limits. Further studies are needed to examine the implications of these findings for arrhythmic risk stratification.

Availability of data materials

Availability of supporting data: All data are included in the tables.

References

  1. Di Diego JM, Antzelevitch C. J wave syndromes as a cause of malignant cardiac arrhythmias. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2018;41:684–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Antzelevitch C, Yan GX, Ackerman MJ, Borggrefe M, Corrado D, Guo J, et al. J-Wave syndromes expert consensus conference report: emerging concepts and gaps in knowledge. Heart Rhythm. 2016;13:e295-324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Tikkanen JT, Anttonen O, Junttila MJ, Aro AL, Kerola T, Rissanen HA, et al. Long-term outcome associated with early repolarization on electrocardiography. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:2529–37.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Wu SH, Lin XX, Cheng YJ, Qiang CC, Zhang J. Early repolarization pattern and risk for arrhythmia death: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61:645–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Kitamura T, Fukamizu S, Hojo R, Aoyama Y, Komiyama K, Nishizaki M, et al. Early repolarization pattern and its day-to-day dynamic change as markers for ventricular fibrillation in patients with vasospastic angina. EP Europace. 2016;18:1252–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Hoogendijk MG, Opthof T, Postema PG, Wilde AAM, de Bakker JMT, Coronel R. The Brugada ECG pattern. Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiol. 2010;3:283–90.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Lee S, Zhou J, Liu T, Letsas KP, Hothi SS, Vassiliou VS, et al. Temporal variability in electrocardiographic indices in subjects with Brugada patterns. Front Physiol. 2020;11:953.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Tan VH, Duff H, Gerull B, Sumner G. Early repolarization syndrome: a case report focusing on dynamic electrocardiographic changes before ventricular arrhythmias and genetic analysis. HeartRhythm Case Rep. 2015;1:213–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Perez-Riera AR, Barbosa Barros R, Daminello-Raimundo R, de Abreu LC, Nikus K. Transient high-degree right bundle branch block masking the type 1 Brugada ECG pattern associated with possible transient early repolarization syndrome. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2020;25: e12673.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Abe A, Kobayashi K, Yuzawa H, Sato H, Fukunaga S, Fujino T, et al. Comparison of late potentials for 24 hours between Brugada syndrome and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy using a novel signal-averaging system based on Holter ECG. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2012;5:789–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Ikeda T, Abe A, Yusu S, Nakamura K, Ishiguro H, Mera H, et al. The full stomach test as a novel diagnostic technique for identifying patients at risk of Brugada syndrome. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2006;17:602–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Talib AK, Sato N, Asanome A, Myojo T, Nishiura T, Yamaki M, et al. Impaired ventricular repolarization dynamics in patients with early repolarization syndrome. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2013;24:556–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Voskoboinik A, Hsia H, Moss J, Vedantham V, Tanel RE, Patel A, et al. The many faces of early repolarization syndrome: a single-center case series. Heart Rhythm. 2020;17:273–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Dumaine R, Towbin JA, Brugada P, Vatta M, Nesterenko DV, Nesterenko VV, et al. Ionic mechanisms responsible for the electrocardiographic phenotype of the Brugada syndrome are temperature dependent. Circ Res. 1999;85:803–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Haissaguerre M, Nademanee K, Hocini M, Cheniti G, Duchateau J, Frontera A, et al. Depolarization versus repolarization abnormality underlying inferolateral J-wave syndromes: new concepts in sudden cardiac death with apparently normal hearts. Heart Rhythm. 2019;16:781–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Glazer AM, Wada Y, Li B, Muhammad A, Kalash OR, O’Neill MJ, et al. High-throughput reclassification of SCN5A variants. Am J Hum Genet. 2020;107:111–23.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Watanabe H, Nogami A, Ohkubo K, Kawata H, Hayashi Y, Ishikawa T, et al. Electrocardiographic characteristics and SCN5A mutations in idiopathic ventricular fibrillation associated with early repolarization. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2011;4:874–81.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Tse G, Lee S, Liu T, Yuen HC, Wong ICK, Mak C, et al. Identification of novel SCN5A single nucleotide variants in Brugada syndrome: a territory-wide study from Hong Kong. Front Physiol. 2020;11: 574590.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Brugada R, Campuzano O, Sarquella-Brugada G, Brugada J, Brugada P. Brugada syndrome. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J. 2014;10:25–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Guo Q, Ren L, Chen X, Hou C, Chu J, Pu J, et al. A novel mutation in the SCN5A gene contributes to arrhythmogenic characteristics of early repolarization syndrome. Int J Mol Med. 2016;37:727–33.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Zhang ZH, Barajas-Martinez H, Xia H, Li B, Capra JA, Clatot J, et al. Distinct features of probands with early repolarization and Brugada syndromes carrying SCN5A pathogenic variants. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;78:1603–17.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, Group P. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. J Clin Epidemiol. 2009;62:1006–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Stang A. Critical evaluation of the newcastle-ottawa scale for the assessment of the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses. Eur J Epidemiol. 2010;25:603–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Zhang J, Hocini M, Strom M, Cuculich PS, Cooper DH, Sacher F, et al. The electrophysiological substrate of early repolarization syndrome: noninvasive mapping in patients. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2017;3:894–904.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Haissaguerre M, Derval N, Sacher F, Jesel L, Deisenhofer I, de Roy L, et al. Sudden cardiac arrest associated with early repolarization. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2016–23.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Jimenez J, Rentschler SL. Transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of cardiac electrophysiology. Pediatr Cardiol. 2019;40:1325–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Sivagangabalan G, Nazzari H, Bignolais O, Maguy A, Naud P, Farid T, et al. Regional ion channel gene expression heterogeneity and ventricular fibrillation dynamics in human hearts. PLoS ONE. 2014;9: e82179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Park DS, Cerrone M, Morley G, Vasquez C, Fowler S, Liu N, et al. Genetically engineered SCN5A mutant pig hearts exhibit conduction defects and arrhythmias. J Clin Invest. 2015;125:403–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Behr ER. J-Wave syndromes, SCN5A, and cardiac conduction reserve: two sides of the same coin? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;78:1618–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Wijeyeratne YD, Tanck MW, Mizusawa Y, Batchvarov V, Barc J, Crotti L, et al. SCN5A mutation type and a genetic risk score associate variably with Brugada syndrome phenotype in SCN5A families. Circ Genom Precis Med. 2020;13: e002911.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Giudicessi JR, Ye D, Stutzman MJ, Zhou W, Tester DJ, Ackerman MJ. Prevalence and electrophysiological phenotype of rare SCN5A genetic variants identified in unexplained sudden cardiac arrest survivors. Europace. 2020;22:622–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Bourier F, Denis A, Cheniti G, Lam A, Vlachos K, Takigawa M, et al. Early repolarization syndrome: diagnostic and therapeutic approach. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2018;5:169.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Kamakura T, Sacher F, Katayama K, Ueda N, Nakajima K, Wada M, et al. High-risk atrioventricular block in Brugada syndrome patients with a history of syncope. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2021;32:772–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

None.

Funding

None.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Danny Radford and Oscar Hou In Chou are equally contributed to this work

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cardiovascular Electrophysiology Unit, Cardiovascular Analytics Group, Hong Kong, China

    Danny Radford, Oscar Hou In Chou, Gary Tse & Sharen Lee

  2. Kent and Medway Medical School, Kent, Canterbury, UK

    Danny Radford & Gary Tse

  3. Department of Cardiology, Larnaca General Hospital, 6051, Larnaca, Cyprus

    George Bazoukis

  4. Second Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Evangelismos General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece

    Konstantinos Letsas

  5. Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China

    Tong Liu & Gary Tse

Authors
  1. Danny Radford
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Oscar Hou In Chou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. George Bazoukis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Konstantinos Letsas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Tong Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Gary Tse
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Sharen Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

DR and OHIC contributed to literature search, data extraction and analysis, drafting of the manuscript, critical revision of the manuscript; GB, KPL, and TL helped in data interpretation and critical revision of the manuscript; GT and SL performed study conception, data analysis and interpretation, drafting and critical revision of the manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Gary Tse or Sharen Lee.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

All authors consent to publication.

Competing interests

None.

Statement of disclosure

There is nothing to disclose for all authors.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Additional file 1.

NOS risk of bias scale for the included studies and funnel plots.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Radford, D., Chou, O.H.I., Bazoukis, G. et al. Electrocardiographic features in SCN5A mutation-positive patients with Brugada and early repolarization syndromes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Arrhythm 23, 16 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42444-022-00066-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s42444-022-00066-y

International Journal of Arrhythmia

ISSN: 2466-1171

Contact us